Self-Certification vs. Doctor’s Sick Notes: When to Use Each
Sick leave policies in the UK allow employees to self-certify for short-term illnesses, but longer absences or certain conditions often require a doctor’s sick note (also called a fit note). Understanding when to use each type of sick note and what’s expected by employers can help avoid confusion and ensure compliance with workplace policies.
What’s the Difference Between Self-Certification and a Doctor’s Fit Note?
Here’s a side-by-side comparison of the two:
| Feature | Self-Certification | Doctor’s Fit Note |
|---|---|---|
| Duration Covered | Up to 7 consecutive days (including weekends). | Required for absences lasting more than 7 days. |
| Who Provides It | The employee. | A doctor or qualified healthcare professional. |
| Documentation Required | Inform your employer and, if needed, complete a self-certification form (provided by the employer or written by the employee). | Issued by a doctor after a consultation (in-person, phone, or online). |
| Examples of Illnesses | – Common cold or flu – Mild food poisoning – Short-term stress or fatigue – Minor back pain – Mild allergies | – Severe flu – Long-term mental health issues – Recovery from surgery – Chronic condition flare-ups – Significant injury or illness |
| Employer Policy | Employers generally accept self-certification for short-term illnesses. | Some employers may request a doctor’s note even for shorter absences. Check your workplace policy. |
| Cost | Free—part of statutory sick leave rights. | Free under NHS; private letters incur a fee. |
| When to Use | – Illness resolves within 7 days – No employer-specific requirement for a medical note. | – Illness lasts longer than 7 days – Employer requests medical proof earlier. |
When Should You Use Each Type of Sick Note?
Self-Certification Is Suitable For:
Employees can self-certify for short-term illnesses that don’t require a doctor’s intervention. Examples include:
- Common Physical Conditions:
- Cold or mild flu
- Food poisoning or stomach bugs
- Headaches or mild migraines
- Minor back pain or muscle strain
- Mild allergies (e.g., hay fever)
- Mild Mental Health Conditions:
- Temporary stress or anxiety
- Fatigue or burnout that resolves with rest
Doctor’s Fit Notes Are Required For:
You’ll need a doctor’s fit note for longer or more complex conditions. Examples include:
- Chronic or Severe Physical Conditions:
- Severe flu or respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia)
- Chronic back pain or slipped disc
- Significant injury (e.g., fractures, torn ligaments)
- Recovery from surgery or hospitalisation
- Chronic condition flare-ups (e.g., asthma, arthritis, fibromyalgia)
- Mental Health Conditions:
- Severe stress or anxiety requiring treatment
- Clinical depression or PTSD
- Burnout that impairs your ability to work
- Long-Term Recovery or Complex Cases:
- Post-surgery recovery
- Pregnancy-related complications (e.g., hyperemesis)
- Long COVID symptoms (e.g., fatigue, breathlessness)
- Cancer treatment and recovery
Key Considerations for Employees and Employers
- Self-Certification Rules Include Weekends:
The 7-day self-certification period includes weekends and non-working days. For instance, if you fall ill on a Friday, self-certification covers up to the following Thursday. - Check Your Employer’s Policy:
While self-certification is legally accepted for short-term illnesses, some employers may request additional documentation for frequent or suspicious absences. - Frequent Absences May Raise Concerns:
Even self-certification can lead to HR reviews if an employee is regularly absent. Clear communication and proper documentation are key. - Remote and Digital Fit Notes:
With recent changes, fit notes can now be issued remotely after a virtual consultation, making it easier to obtain medical documentation. - Chronic or Ongoing Conditions:
Employees with recurring issues may benefit from proactive discussions with their employer about adjustments or phased returns to work.
Why It’s Best to Check with Your Employer
Each workplace has its own sick leave policy, and employers may have additional requirements beyond the legal minimum. It’s always a good idea to confirm what your employer expects regarding sick leave documentation.
If you’re ever unsure or need a professional sick note quickly, Health Works offers convenient, same-day appointments and reliable service to ensure you have the documentation you need.
FAQs About Sick Notes
Q: How Many Times Can I Self-Certify in a Year?
A: There’s no official limit to the number of times you can self-certify, but frequent absences may raise concerns with your employer. It’s important to provide clear reasons for each absence and follow company policies.
Q: Can Employers Refuse a Self-Certified Sick Note?
A: Employers can’t legally refuse a valid self-certification, but they may request further clarification or a doctor’s note if absences become frequent or prolonged.
Q: Can You Get a Backdated Sick Note?
A: Yes, doctors can backdate sick notes to cover periods where you were unable to obtain one immediately.
Q: What Happens if I Don’t Provide a Sick Note After 7 Days?
A: Without a doctor’s sick note for absences beyond 7 days, your employer is not obligated to pay Statutory Sick Pay (SSP) and may take disciplinary action.
Q: Do Weekends Count in the 7-Day Self-Certification Period?
A: Yes, the 7-day period includes weekends and non-working days. Always count consecutive days, not just working days.
Q: Can I Get a Sick Note for Mental Health Issues?
A: Absolutely. Conditions like stress, anxiety, and depression are valid reasons for sick leave and can be supported by a doctor’s sick note.
Q: Can I Get a Fit Note for Stress or Anxiety?
Yes, stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues are valid reasons for a fit note. Speak to your GP if you need support.
Q: Can I Get a Sick Note for Mental Health Issues?
A: Absolutely. Conditions like stress, anxiety, and depression are valid reasons for sick leave and can be supported by a doctor’s sick note.
